Notes for April 22 (Chapter 28 end, Chapter 29 beginning)

Since a good chunk of kids-- including the Operation APUSH chief herself-- were missing today, here are the last half of the Chapter 28 notes and the start of Chapter 29. This is all we have for the week.

Chapter 28

II. Civil Rights and Protest in the Turbulet 60's

A. African American Civil Rights

1. Freedom rides organized by CORE in the summer of 1961.


2. Sit-ins at lunch counter around the south.


3. 63 -- Birmingham protests led by MLK turn violent as police attacks mercilessly; prompts JFK to propose Civil Rights Act.


4. 1963 March on Washington -- 250k people present, LK delivers "I have a Dream Speech".


5. 1963 -- Medgar Evers, head of NAACP, assassinated in Mississippi.


6. 1964 -- Miss. Freedom Summer Project - African American voter registration drive.


7. 1965 -- Voting Rights Act pushed by LBG - invalidated the use of tests, other mechanisms to disencranchise blacks; black voter registration in the South increased from 1 million in 1964 to 3.1 million in 1968.


8. 1965-1968 -- sit-ins, other peaceful demonstrations continued but violence began to increase, particularly after Malcolm X's assassination in 1965 and MLK's in 1968.

B. African-American Violent Protest

1. Black Power movements -- first led by Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam, then by the Black Panthers (led by Huey Newton), advocated euqliaty by any means necessary.


2. Watts Riot (1965) -- young African-Americans fought police and burned white-owned business; riots ensuded in other cities.


3. 1965-1968 -- violent race riots occurred in over 100 cities.

C. Hisapnic-Americans

1. César Chavez and the United Farm Workers led boycotts, other peaceful protests to win rights for Mexican-Americans in the Southwest.


2. 1967 -- Aztlan Chicano Movement resisted assimilation and arranged boycotts of "racist" college classes throughout the West.

D. Women

1. Publication of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963).


2. NOW established in 1966, uses political system to create liberal change.


3. Women's Liberation Movement -- came out of the anti-war movement, led deomnstrations and brought attention to gender inequality.


4. Women's reproductive rights -- the pill, other contraceptives gained acceptance in the 1960's, Roe v. Wade protects abortion rights starting in 1972.

E. Gay Rights

1. Stonewall Riot (1969) -- gay men fight back against an unfair police raid.


2. 1973 -- American Psychological Society rescinds statement that homosexuality is a mental illness.


3. 1975 -- The US Civil Service commission ended ban on government employment of homosexuals.

Chapter 29 Notes

I. Vietnam -- major events and chronology of US involvement

• 1950 -- US begins to provide financial assistance to French.


• 1954 -- Geneva accord divides Vietnam; Diem comes to power with US backing.


• 1955 -- French pullout; US military advisers begin training South Vietnamese.


• 1960 -- Vietcong (North Vietnamese-backed insurgency group in South Vietnam) created.


• 1961 -- Laos is lost; JFK intensifies US involvement.


• 1963 -- Buddhist monk protests; Diem overthrown and killed by CIA-backed coup; 16,000 US military advisors in S. Vietnam.


• 1964 -- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allows LBJ to escalate military actions without congressional approval; US bombing of N. Vietnam begins.


• 1965 -- US combat troops land in Danang; 184,000 American troops on the ground by year's end.


• 1966 -- 385,000 US troops; B52 bombing of north begins.


• 1967 -- Beginning of anti-war demonstrations; Senate hearings on Vietnam begin; 485,600 troops.


• 1968 -- Tet Offensive -- Vietcong (with North Vietnamese army) attack major South Vietnamese cities, US forces repel the attack, killing 37,000 enemy troops in one month; My Lai Massacre -- US troops kill, rape and torture 500 villagers, army initially covers it up; LBJ announces that he won't run; peace talks with North Vietnam begin in Paris; 536,000 troops.


• 1969 -- bombing of Cambodia begins; US begins to withdraw troops; anti-war protests intensify; Ho Chi Minh dies; 475,000 troops at year's end.


• 1970 -- US and S. Vietnam invade Cambodia; Kent State killings, student protests close 400 universities; Congress repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.