I. Democratic Republicans Regroup
A. Democratization
1. Removal of property requirements for voting (but substituted with poll taxes in most states.)
2. Written ballots vs. viva voce voting
3. Direct voter selection elector rather than legislators who selected elector
4. Candidates compete for voters (BBQ’s free alcohol, etc)
5. Increased voting for white males (females and minorities still disenfranchised)
B. Controversial Election of 1824
1. Rise of sectionalism
a. 5 candidates from the same party representing different regional areas
b. South- Calhoun and Crawford
c. North- John Q Adams
d. West- Clay and Jackson
2. Election results
a. Jackson wins popular and electoral vote but does not win a majority
b. As per Constitution, election is decided by the House of Representatives
c. Clay lends his support to JQ Adams so as to forge West-Northeast alliance (to support his “American System”)
d. Clay becomes Secretary of State
C. JQ Adam’s brief Presidency
1. Opposed federally funded infrastructure projects to protect NY
2. Infuriates Southerners by implicitly recognizing Haiti
3. Attempted to be custodian of “Public Good” by refraining from involvement in partisan politics
4. Followed Washington’s example of appointing opponents to high office (which infuriated his supporters)
5. His presidency marked the end of Washington’s “Non-Partisan” tradition
II. The “Glorious” Jackson
A. Jackson’s Rising Star
1. Hot-tempered war hero
2. Non-politician who benefited from growing disenchantment with the government
3. Enthusiastic grass-roots support
4. Revered in south and west
5. Despite self-made wealth, viewed as “Common Man”
6. Uneducated, considered “uncorrupt, natural, plain”
7. Fit into (mastermind) Can Buren’s plan to re-establish a two party system
8. Jackson would be first modern democrat
B. The Election of 1828
1. Lots of mudslinging
2. Adams accused of being a corrupt “sissy”
3. Jackson accused of being a drunken gambler, adulterer and murderer
4. Jackson swept the election with twice as many electoral votes
C. Jackson’s early policies
1. Clearly establishes “spoils system” under guise of rotating civil service jobs
2. Rejected federal support of intra-state infrastructure
3. Supported and executed the removal of Indians east of the Mississippi (Indian Removal Act of 1830)
4. Supported “tariff of abominations”
D. Debated over tariffs (actually state’s rights)
1. Southerners opposed high tariffs, middle and northern states clamoured for them
2. “Tariff of Abominations” (1828)- approved by Adams but promoted by Jackson supporters in congress- highest ever and designed to keep many English manufactured goods out of the American market. (Protection tariff, not revenue tariff)
3. Jackson wanted to reduce but still maintain tariffs in order to mollify northern supporters (particularly in Pennsylvania)
4. VP Calhoun and other southerners led an attack on the tariffs causing a rift between Calhoun and Jackson
5. Southerners argued state rights and the “nullification precedent established by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of the 1790’s
6. South Carolina applied “nullification” by refusing to have tariffs collected within its borders ***Secession from the Union became a consideration***
7. To ease the crisis, Jackson pushed the Compromise Tariff (promoted by Henry Clay who feared a civil war) and the Force Bill (which allowed the President to use armed forces to collect tariffs in SC)
8. South Carolina agreed to collect the tariffs but applied nullification to the Force Bill so as not back down
E. Jackson vs. the Bank of the US
1. Arguing that the Bank of the US benefited only “moneyed capitalists”, Jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank (1832) which would cause it to disappear in 1836
2. Jackson tried to “kill” the bank faster by taking federal deposits out of it and placing this money in state banks
3. The movement of federal money to the state banks allowed them to overprint and overlend money which let to economic expansion but also caused inflation
4. Increased in number of “pet banks” (state banks that hold federal deposits)
5. Despite Jackson’s opposition to the credit frenzy, he was pressured by congress to sign the Deposit Act (1836) which further increased the number of pet banks
6. Specie (gold and silver) required to buy federal land- no ‘monopoly money’ (Specie Circular)
7. Creates “soft-money/hard-money debate” soft money-paper set by market price/ hard money- gold and silver backed money
III. Rise of the Whigs
A. largely a reaction to controversial Jacksonian policies.
B. Supported the Bank of the US
C. Supported Clay’s American System of federally funded infrastructure improvements
D. Supported social reforms (public ed. & temperance)
E. Wide base of support that included southerners and westerners eager for infrastructure improvements, social reformers, native born Protestant workers, anti-Masons, commercial farmers, planters, merchants, bankers, manufacturers, evangelicals.
F. Still disorganized and not unified in the election of 1836. Learned lesson, rallied behind a single candidate and won in 1840.
IV. Van Buren’s Presidency
A. Panic of 1837
1. Major recession - largely caused by Jackson having placed federal deposits in irresponsible state banks as well as the Species Circular. Another cause was England checking the flow of specie into US in 1836.
2. Banks stopped issuing as much paper money
3. Demand for specie from Western farmers caused the supply to dry up. Banks stopped redeeming paper money for specie
B. Van Buren’s Response
1. Establish a federal Treasury (Treasury Act of 1840)
2. Failed to address the issue of regulating state banks
3. Took on an antibank, hard money position
V. “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”
1. Whigs rallied around one candidate – 67 year old William Henry Harrison
2. Used his “war hero” status- based off Jackson’s campaign
3. Ran a folksy “Log Cabin” campaign without a platform
4. Used catchy slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!” (tyler=vp)
5. Accused Van Buren of being a modern day “monarch” – too refined…
6. Van Buren responded sluggishly and lost the election of 1840. (didn’t realise what a threat Harrison’s campaign was)
7. Election of 1840 saw a huge increase in the # of voters as more eligible voters went to the polls (80% vs 55% in prior elections).

I. Industrial transport
A. Steamboats
1. Faster than ever
2. Lots of inland rivers
3. Faster than land travel
B. Canals
1. Faster than roads
2. Led to increase of engineers
3. Helped small farmers in the west
C. Railroads
1. Cheap to build
2. Expensive to maintain
3. Railroads connected systems
4. Used to bring settlers west
5. Not fully used till 1850
6. More expensive than water travel
II. The Erie Canal- the great experiment
A. Causes
1. Shipping was very expensive on the rivers
2. Quick connection from Ohio River to Great Lakes
B. Building it
1. No real engineering schools- no engineers
2. Trial-and-error
3. Two judges laid the route
4. Cleared trees, blasted rocks with bad blasting powers until EI Dupont designed dynamite
5. 83 locks originally
C. Effects
1. More engineers
2. Canal boom
3. Made commodities available to Midwest persons, leading to canal cities getting bigger
III. Urbanization- towns growing to cities
A. The North
1. Greatest urbanization
1. New York & Philadelphia had over a million by 1850
2. Baltimore was big too
3. The canal system led to big canal cities: Pittsburgh
4. Textile industry boom led to concentration of workers in cities
B. The South
1. New Orleans
2. Charleston
3. Poor living condition- high mortality- disease
4. Lost many people to disease from mosquitoes, did not grow as fast.
C. The Old West
1. Lots of people moved to obtain cheap land
2. Chicago & Detroit grew from trade in the great lakes area
3. St Louis grew off the river trade
IV. Textiles
A. Few men led to many single women
B. Men went west
C. Large corporations employed thousands, led to expansion of many towns
D. Upset New England society
E. Moral police kept workers in line who lived in company housing
F. For the first time, things were made in the USA, rather than imported
G. Protests emerged, women wanted rights
V. Urban artisans
A. Found mostly in large cities
B. If they had money, they would focus more on selling, rather than producing
C. Types
1. Cigars
2. Leather
3. Shoemakers
4. Carpentry
D. Led to labour unions
1. Descended from guilds
2. To protect artisans from cheap unskilled labourers
E. Deterioration of working conditions
1. 10 hr day
2. Very bad
3. Striking
F. Growing economic disparity
VI. Presentations
A. Disparity between rich and poor
1. Rich could stay home if sick
2. Poor could not afford to
3. Rich considered them unequal
4. Terrible working conditions
B. Freed African Americans
1. Had no political rights
2. Except in Boston
3. Could not migrate
4. Phoenix Society- advancement of free blacks
C. Gender Relations
1. Fewer kids, but still a lot
2. Women in charge of domestic sphere
3. Men ruled family
4. Women couldn’t marry who they chose
D. Family authority
1. Father ruled family
2. Women couldn’t choose their husbands
3. Boys had to work once they reached teens
4. Many young people moved west to escape parents
E. The Western Frontier
1. Hard to start a practice as a doctor
2. Considered savages by easterners
3. Women sew and run houses
4. Men did hard physical work
5. More equality than in east

I. Westward Expansion (Appalachians to Mississippi)
A. Causes
1. Growing US population (3.9 million in 1790, 17 million in 1840, 62 million by 1890) and continued emphasis on agriculture
2. Higher commodities prices- more demand for wheat and corn from Britain, France, West Indies, other European nations as well as South America. Cotton ((1793- Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney) also boomed as it became fashionable after 1815 (by 1830, cotton comprised 2/3 if all US exports.
3. Cheap land
4. American System (promoted by Henry Clay of Kentucky) led to transportation system improvements (canals, turnpikes, National Road, steamboats and eventually, railroad)
5. 6 Million acres of western land given to War of 1812 veterans
6. Increased federal army presence (greater security for pioneers)
7. New States- 26 by 1840, 44 by 1890
B. Indian Removal
1. Focused on the “Five Civilised Tribes” of the old Southwest- Cherokees (GA, NC, AL), Choctaws (Miss), Creeks (GA, AL), Chickasaws (Miss), and Seminoles (Fla).
2. In the 1820s, Monroe and Adams attempted voluntary removal. The Govt would provide land west of the Mississippi.
3. White settlers accelerated squatting of Indian land in AL, GA, Miss. During the 1820s, they requested that state govts pass laws to forcibly move remaining Indians.
4. 1830- Indian Removal Act (pushed by President Jackson) authorized President to force Indians to move West. In the next 6 years, Indians exchanged 100 million acres of land for 32 millions of Western land.
5. Creeks were forcibly removed, Seminoles fought a bitter war (1835-1842), Cherokees were forced to move to Oklahoma in the Trail of Tears (1/3 of them died along the way)
II. The Economics of Westward Expansion
A. Land Policy
1. Ordinance of 1785
a. Western land to be divided into 640 acre lots
b. Sold for minimum of $2/ acre, to be paid in 1 year
c. Favoured wealthy land speculators
d. Kept actual settlement from occurring (land owned by wealthy investors)
2. Republican Policies
a. In 1800, Jefferson dropped min. purchase to 320 acres with 4 year payment term
b. Min acreage kept decreasing until reaching 40 acres in 1840
c. Though meant to benefit smaller farmers, the land kept being sold at auction to the highest bidder.
d. Due to speculation, land prices increased 1000% between 1800-1814
e. Small farmers were forced to barrow in order to buy land.
3. The advantages of squatting
a. Squatters often settled on land while it still belonged to government
b. Made “improvements” then claimed pre-emption rights
c. Congress legitimized pre-emption in 1821
B. Panic of 1819
1. State subsidiaries of the Bank of the United States printed more money in order to lend it to land speculators(often bank directors) and small farmers.
2. Fearing that too much currency was in circulation, the Bank of the United States told the states to redeem the paper mone they had on deposit (at the bank of the US) for specie (gold & silver coin)
3. In order ti pay back the Bank of the US, state banks began to call in loans from farmers and speculators who in turn often had to sell mortgaged land at a loss. This was exacerbated by temporarily lower demand for commodities in Europe
4. The panic later served as justification for President Jackson to get rid of the Bank of the US in the 1830s.

I. Jeffersonianism
A. Man behind the myth
1. Fluent in French, Latin, Greek
2. President of American Philosophical Society for 20 years
3. Architect, inventor, horticulturist, archeologist, writer
4. Wrote Declaration of Independence
5. Governor of VA, founder of UVA
6. Ambassador to France during Articles Government
7. Secretary of state under Washington
8. Vice President under Adams
9. Slave-owner who viewed slaves as protection against landless white class uprising
10. Fathered illegitimate children with Sally Hemming, his slave
11. Considered radical and godless infidel by his critics
B. Political views
1. Lower taxes by reducing federal expenses
2. Against large standing army
3. Advocated of state’s rights- drafted VA and KY resolution (states rights to nullify laws) Compact Theory
4. “Popular virtue: - good of all before personal gain
5. Anti-bank, against permanent national debt
C. Early policies
1. Reducing national debt
a. Cut taxes
b. Closed some embassies
c. Reduced standing army & navy
2. Gaining international credibility
a. War with Barbary Pirates of Tripoli (Northern Africa 1801-1805)
3. Reining in Federalist Judiciary
a. Fought Judiciary act of 1801 that reduced # of supreme court judges
b. Refused to honor Adams’s appointment of ‘midnight judge’ Marbury and won Marbury vs. Madison case (though supreme court established Judicial review)
c. Initiated impeachment of two federal judges (won one, lost the other)
d. Judiciary act of 1801 repealed by supreme court because it was unconstitutional
D. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Louisiana territory transferred from Spain to Napoleon in France in 1800
2. Spain closed New Orleans to American traders in 1802
3. Fears rose over napoleon’s intentions
4. Jefferson sent Monroe and Livingstone to settle issue in 1803- authorized to spend $10 million to but New Orleans
5. B/c he had lost Haiti and b/c he needed money for European wars, napoleon sold entire Louisiana territory to USA for $15 million (13.5 ç per acre)
E. Election of 1804
1. Resounding victory for Jefferson, winning all but 2 states
2. First election after 12th amendment (putting president and vice president on the same ticket)
3. ‘Mischievous’ Burr dropped from Republican ticket (replaced by Clinton of NY)
F. Lewis and Clark Expedition
1. Jefferson picked Meriwether Lewis (his personal secretary) to lead reconnaissance mission of Louisiana Territory
2. The expedition was greatly aided by Native American Woman (Sacagawea)
3. Traveled from St Louis Missouri to the Pacific Ocean between May 1804 and November 1805
II. Jefferson’s Challenges
A. Domestic issues
1. The Notorious Burr
a. Burr’s Conspiracy with High Federalists (1804)- create a pro-British Northern Confederation with New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia.
b. Fails to win NY governorship, duels Hamilton
c. With renegade Wilkinson, tries to create a Southern Confederacy and take over west Florida and Mexico (1806)
d. Tried but not convicted of treason
2. The Quids
a. Led by Republican John Randolph, who accused Jefferson of not upholding pure Republican values.
b. Cited Yazoo Land Scandal as evidence of federal corruption
B. International Affairs
1. Interference with American trade
a. England and, to a lesser extent, France, began to seize American ships as the Napoleonic Wars re-started (Peace of Amiens collapsed)
b. British impressments of American sailors increased
c. Chesapeake Affair- British warship attacks US Navy vessel Chesapeake
d. Peaceable Coercion- Embargo Act of 1807 (under Jefferson, closes all US trade with foreigners), Non Intercourse Act (1809, under Madison, closes trade with England and France), Macon’s Bill #2 (1810, opened trade with England and France, offered exclusively if either removed restrictions)- failed to coerce but unexpectedly boosted US industry.
e. Failure of Peaceable Coercion led to War Hawks rise during Madison’s second term.
III. Madison’s Presidency
A. Unrest in the West (1808-1812)
1. Tecumseh and the Prophet
a. Gov. Harrison of Indiana pushes Treaty of Ft. Wayne, which got Indians to cede millions of acres of land for only 2ç/ acre.
b. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet disputed validity of treaty.
c. Harrison led a successful attack against the Prophet- Battle of Tippecanoe.
d. Tecumseh began to seek alliances with the English
B. The war of 1812
1. Reasons for US War Declaration
a. Impressments (nothing new there)
b. British incitement of Western Indians (nothing new there)
c. Economic recession in South and West
d. Madison viewed Britain as attempting to get rid of trade competition by the US
2. Highlights of War of 1812
a. American General Hull leads unsuccessful attacks on Canada (1812)
b. Tecumseh and Shawnees provide help to British in Canada
c. Battle of the Tames- US victory led by Harrison, Tecumseh killed (1813)
d. Much of the war was fought on the Great Lakes. Oliver Perry led US victories.
e. Successful British offensive in Chesapeake area (1814); Washington DC, captured and burned down, but Baltimore resisted successful protected by Ft. McHenry (inspired Francis Scott Key to write Star Spangled Banner)
f. Battle of New Orleans (**2 weeks after the peace Treaty of Ghent**) Andrew Jackson successfully repels a British attack, becomes national hero.
3. Treaty of Ghent
a. War viewed as a tie
b. Status quo ante bellum restored
c. No solution to impressments
d. No agreement on a US-Canada border between Mississippi River and Rockies but commission created to find a solution
4. Ramifications of the War of 1812
a. Demonstrated that republics could fight wars without reverting to despotism
b. Rise of American nationalism
c. End of Federalist Party- viewed as traitors because of Hartford Convention’s proposal to have New England secede during the war.
d. Rise of new American heroes (Jackson and Harrison)
e. Strengthened the American Navy (Hull and Perry to lead)
f. Increased international respect for the US
g. Increased in industry and manufacturing caused by trade disruptions between 1807-1814
IV. Important figures and events following the war
A. John Marshall and the Supreme Court
1. Chief Justice (prominent Federalist, appointed by John Adams), served between 1801-1835)
2. Established tradition of long service
3. Set precedent of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison
4. Major rulings that asserted the power of private corporations
a. (1819, Dartmouth v Woodward) and federal over state power through “implied powers of the constitution” ruling
b. (1819, McCulloch v. Maryland) Maryland tried to tax a federal agency but lost.
5. Attempted to stop abuses against Cherokees in Georgia through ruling that Cherokees were a distinct political community entitled to federal protection. Against state abuses in Worcester v Georgia (1832) but pres. Jackson ignored ruling and began forced relocation of Cherokees.
B. Monroe’s Foreign Policy (1816-1824)
1. John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State, became President in 1824, son of John Adams) responsible for most decisions.
2. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) with England-demilitarized the Great Lakes.
3. British-American Convention (1818)- got back American fishing rights in Newfoundland; established border with Canada between Great Lakes and Rockies; declared Oregon Territory “Free and open”.
4. Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)- after several attacks by Jackson on Seminoles and Spanish forts in Florida, Spain agreed to sell Florida to the US ($5 million) and establish a Northern border to its territory from present-day Texas to California. The US allowed Spain to keep Texas while gaining access to the Northern part of the West Coast. Spain was about to lose its war of Mexican Independence (1810-1821) and would soon lose most of its colonies in the Americas.
5. Monroe Doctrine (1823)- Spain’s Latin American colonies gained independence, US declared that any attempts at European re-colonization in the Western Hemisphere would be construed as a “unfriendly act” against the US. US, however, did not say that it would not annex formerly Spanish territory (leaving the door open for US takeover in Texas and the Southwest.

I. Establishing and Organizing the national government
A. Judicial Branch
1. Judiciary Act of 1789
a. Congressional measure to organize and set up federal judicial branch
b. Established federal district courts at state level.
c. Allayed state fears of national domination by adopting state court procedures/traditions
d. Supreme Court has final jurisdiction
2. Bill of Rights
a. First ten amendments of Constitution, ratified Dec 1791
b. Protects citizens vis-à-vis the government and courts
3. Chisholm v. Georgia
a. Allowed non-residents to use federal courts to sue states
b. Overturned by 11th amendment
B. Executive Branch
1. Washington’s Presidency
a. Limited public statements to foreign policy and military affairs
b. Left most domestic matters up to congress
c. Attempted to bridge growing differences between North (Hamilton- treasury) and South (Jefferson- state department)
d. Only used veto power twice in eight years (two terms)
e. Asserted federal power by personally leading military force to quell Whiskey Rebellion
f. Established precedent of two terms in office
2. Four cabinet positions
a. Treasury (Hamilton
b. State (Jefferson)
c. War (Know)
d. Attorney General (Randolph)
II. Hamilton and the Modern American Economy
A. National Debt
1. Establish confidence and good credit
2. Assume state debts (controversial since some states no longer had any)
3. Pay off foreign debts first (to avoid conflict with Europeans)
4. Treasury bonds-permanent revolving debt (pay debt with more debt)
5. Provide investment opportunities for the wealthiest Americans
B. Bank of the United States
1. To regulate currency
2. Pay debt on treasury bonds
3. Make loans to the government
4. Safe place to deposit tax revenues
5. Funded by private investors (no cost to tax players)
C. Raising Revenue
1. Tariffs- customs duties on imports (protected national producers)
2. Excise tax on whiskey
3. Selling western land to citizens
D. Ramifications of Hamilton’s Policies
1. Strict constructionism (enforcing only what is stated in the Constitution- Jefferson at first) vs. Loose constructionism (utilizing elastic clause of Constitution to stretch government powers into areas that are ‘necessary and proper’- Hamilton, Jefferson as president)
2. Enriched bankers who had speculated in Confederation bonds
3. Favored the Northeast and it’s industry (south- mainly raw materials & rural/ north- industry & urban)
4. Split with Jefferson let to the creation of parties (Federalists and Republicans [[Become current Democrats]])
5. Bonds allowed the government to have steady access to funds through perpetual debt
6. Freed up money for building up the government with minimal tax burden (tax revenue came from tariffs and the whiskey tax)
7. Whiskey Rebellion-marks transition away from revolt and toward working within civil constitutional framework.
8. Aligned the interests of the wealthy with the new government
III. Foreign Relations in the New Republic
A. Spain
1. Spain in the West
a. Renewed success in Louisiana Territory and Southwest (particularly New Mexico and Texas)
b. Expansion into California (1769)- missions and presidios (military settlements: fortified towns)
c. Challenges in Northwest Pacific Coast from Russian Fur Traders
d. Challenges in Arizona from Hopi and Yuma Indians
2. Spain in the Ohio River Valley (Appalachians to Mississippi)
a. Spain encouraged American settlers from Kentucky and Tennessee to secede
b. Spain kept New Orleans closed to American commerce until 1789- thereafter with 15% duty tax
c. Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee quickly admitted to the Union (1791-1796) to prevent them from joining Canada and Spain, respectively.
3. Spain in the South
a. Spain encouraged Creek Indian allies in Florida to attack settlers from Georgia
b. Fierce fighting with Creek leader McGillivray
c. Treaty of New York (1790, between Creeks and US)- allowed white settlers in Georgian Piedmont area but also preserved Creek territory from further encroachment.
B. Caught between France and England
1. French Revolution (1789-1893)
a. France sought American military support
b. Southern slave owners were France’s biggest supporters
c. Northerners feared mobocracy and didn’t care for French Republic’s secular approach
d. Once Britain and Spain declared war on France, American support for France grew in South & West USA
e. Citizen Genet attempted to recruit an American army in the South
f. American privateers joined French effort and began to seize British ships, nearly setting off a war with England in 1794
2. Anglo-American Crisis
a. To counter American privateers during the French Revolution, British Navy began seizing American ships trading with French West Indies (1793)
b. Impressments of sailors from American ships
c. Also, British built Fort Miami in Ohio Territory and began encouraging Native Americans to attack American settlements
d. British challenges in the West were countered by American General “Mad Anthony” Wayne who ruthlessly defeated Indians, set up Ft. Defiance and compelled Native Americans to give up land in Ohio and Indiana through Treaty of Greenville. *Major treaty that took land from Indians
3. Quasi-war with France (1798-1799)
a. Prompted by Jefferson’s defeat (to John Adams) in 1796 elections & Jay’s Treaty.
b. France began seizing American ships trading with British ports
c. Executing American sailors found on British Ships
d. XYZ Affair- Talleyrand, France’s foreign minister demanded a bribe from American ambassador. This was met with outrage in the US.
e. US armed ships to protect commercial vessels and began seizing French ships.
f. British Navy also helped to protect American ships
g. Led Federalists in Congress to take strange stance against ‘foreign agents’- Alien and Sedition Acts
C. Treaties to resolve Tensions
1. Jay’s Treaty (with England, 1795)
a. Got British out of western territory
b. Opened British (West Indies) ports to American ships
c. Kept Americans from being able to trade with French West Indies during war
d. Failed to end impressments as well as compensation for loss of slaves during Revolutionary war.
2. Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain 1796
a. Got rid of Mississippi River/ New Orleans high taxes (duties)
b. Established 31st parallel as Florida’s northern boundary
c. Spain to discourage Indian attacks and dismantle forts north of parallel
D. Consequences of foreign tensions and their resolutions
1. French Revolution and the XYZ Affair reinforced growing party factions (Jefferson and other southerners supported France’s Republicans, but Federalists were supporting England)
2. Alien and Sedition Acts allowed Federalists to shut down public criticism by Republicans in the press. It also increased naturalization requirements (14 years total, 5 in one state) to keep immigrants from being able to vote Republican.
a. Jefferson was very angry- dictatorships
3. To counter the Alien and Seditions Acts, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were written (by Madison and Jefferson) to uphold states’ rights to nullification
4. Federalists lost power and Jefferson was elected in 1800